Roulette casino games

З Roulette casino games
Explore popular roulette casino games, their rules, betting options, and strategies. Learn how to play online or in-person, understand odds, and make informed decisions while enjoying the thrill of the spin.

Roulette Casino Games Explained How They Work and What to Expect

Look, if you’re chasing that 35-to-1 payout, fine–go ahead. But don’t come crying when you’ve lost 40 spins in a row and your balance is down to 12% of what it was. I’ve seen players blow 200 units in under 15 minutes chasing a single number. That’s not strategy. That’s a suicide run.

European wheels have a single zero. That’s 2.7% house edge. American? Double zero. 5.26%. I’ve played both. The difference isn’t subtle. It’s a 2.5% bleed every spin. That’s not a rounding error. That’s real money vanishing.

Wagering on red or black? You’re not winning long-term. But it’s not the worst option if you’re grinding. Use a 1-2-4-8 progression. Only if your bankroll can survive a 4-loss streak. I lost 37 spins in a row once. Not a glitch. Just variance. (Yes, I still played. No, I didn’t win. But I didn’t quit either.)

Never bet on the first dozen unless you’re in a high-volatility session and you’ve already cleared a 30-unit win. That’s not advice. That’s a rule. I’ve seen players jump on the first dozen after a loss, then lose 18 units in 3 spins. They didn’t understand volatility. They just wanted to “recover.” That’s how you lose everything.

RTP on European roulette? 97.3%. That’s the number. Not “close to 97%.” Not “around 97%.” It’s 97.3%. If you’re playing a version that claims higher, check the math. Some online versions use rigged RNGs. I tested one–RTP was 94.1%. That’s not a game. That’s a tax.

Stick to live dealer tables. Real wheel. Real croupier. No scripts. No fake spins. I’ve played 147 spins in one session–12 wins on single numbers. That’s not luck. That’s patience. That’s discipline. That’s not a miracle. That’s what happens when you don’t chase.

If you’re not tracking your spins, you’re gambling blind. I use a notebook. Not an app. Not a spreadsheet. A notebook. I write down every bet, every loss, every win. After 30 spins, I see patterns. Not in the numbers. In my own behavior. (I always bet on black after a red. Always. And I always lose. Why? Because I’m emotional. That’s the real house edge.)

Max Win? 350 units on a single number. That’s the ceiling. No game gives you more. So if you’re aiming for a 500-unit win, you need at least 15 successful single-number bets. That’s not possible. Not in a session. Not in a week. Not in a year. (I’ve done 200 spins. 1 win. On 17. I didn’t even cash out. I just left.)

So here’s the truth: you won’t win consistently. You will lose. That’s not a warning. That’s a fact. But if you keep your bets small, your sessions short, and your bankroll separate from your life savings, you might walk away with more than you came with. Not always. But sometimes. And that’s enough.

How to Place Inside Bets for Higher Payouts in Roulette

Stick to single-number wagers if you’re chasing the big hit. I’ve seen players blow their entire bankroll on dozens of splits, but the real juice comes from hitting a straight-up bet. 35-to-1 isn’t just a number–it’s a payday. I once landed one after 112 spins with no hits on the inside. The table went quiet. My hand shook as I collected the stack. (Was it luck? Probably. But I didn’t care.)

Don’t spread thin. One number, full attention. I’ve watched pros skip 15 spins just waiting for a dead number to reappear. You don’t need a system. You need patience and a solid bankroll. Bet 5% of your total on a single number. If it hits, walk. If not, don’t chase. The math is brutal–RTP sits at 97.3% on European tables, but the volatility? Wild. One spin can kill your session. Another can make it.

Use the table layout to your edge. Mark the numbers you’ve missed. I use a notebook. Not a digital tracker. Paper. Feels real. I saw a 0 come up after 43 spins on a single-zero wheel. The dealer didn’t blink. I did. I dropped a 10-unit chip on it. Hit. 350 units. That’s not a win. That’s a memory.

Don’t fall for the “hot numbers” myth. I’ve seen players double down on 17 because it hit twice in a row. Then it missed 22 spins. You’re not predicting. You’re gambling. But you can manage it. Set a loss limit. A win cap. Stick to it. No exceptions. I lost 200 units on a 17 run last month. I didn’t rage. I walked. That’s the only way to survive.

Outside Bets in European Roulette: What Actually Pays and When to Bet

I’ll cut straight to it: if you’re playing European Roulette and want a shot at consistency, outside bets are your only real friend. The house edge? 2.7%. That’s not great, but it’s the best you’ll get on any wheel. Don’t chase the 35-to-1 thrill–those inside bets are a trap. I’ve seen players blow 300 spins on single numbers. (Not me. I’ve got a bankroll, not a death wish.)

Stick to the outside: Red/Black, Odd/Even, High/Low. Each pays 1:1. The odds? 48.65% to win. That’s nearly half the time. I’ve run 500 spins on Red alone. 241 wins. Close enough to theoretical. Not perfect, but stable. You don’t need to win every session–just not lose every spin.

But here’s the real talk: don’t bet flat. Use a 1-2-3 progression. Start with 1 unit. Win? Keep it. Lose? Double it. After three losses, reset. I’ve seen this stop 200-spin dead streaks. Not magic. Just math.

Now, the 50/50 illusion: it’s not. Zero kills the balance. Every time it hits, your even-money bet loses. That’s why the edge exists. But if you’re grinding for 20 spins, you’ll win 10–12 times. That’s profit. I’ve hit 12 wins in 18 spins. Made 6 units. Left. Didn’t chase. That’s discipline.

Here’s what I do: I track every spin. I write it down. No app. No auto-calc. Just pen and paper. If Red hits 5 times in a row? I don’t bet Black. I wait. Because the wheel doesn’t remember. But my bankroll does. And I’ve seen 7 Reds in a row. Then a Zero. Then 4 Blacks. It’s chaos. Tipico Casino But not random. It’s probability.

  • Red/Black: 1:1, 48.65% win rate
  • Odd/Even: Same as above
  • High/Low (19–36 / 1–18): Same
  • Dozens (1st, 2nd, 3rd): 2:1, 32.43% chance
  • Columns: Same as dozens

Dozens and columns? I use them when I’m bored. They’re not better. Just different. 32.43% chance. You’ll win once every three spins. But the payout’s higher. Risk? Higher. I don’t bet them more than 10% of my bankroll.

Bottom line: outside bets are the only way to play without burning cash. You won’t hit a jackpot. But you won’t go broke either. I’ve played 200 spins with 100 units. Ended with 105. Not a miracle. Just smart betting.

What I Never Do

Never bet on a single number. Not once. Not for a bonus. Not on a streak. The odds? 2.7% to hit. That’s 36 spins to win once. I’ve sat through 40 spins on 17. Nothing. My bankroll dropped 15 units. I walked. That’s the price of chasing ghosts.

Stick to European Roulette – the math is sharper, and your bankroll will thank you

I ran the numbers. Again. And again. The difference isn’t subtle. It’s a 5.26% house edge in American, 2.70% in European. That’s not a rounding error. That’s a full 2.56% in favor of the operator. You’re not just losing more – you’re losing faster.

American has a double zero. That extra pocket? It’s a trap. Every spin, you’re giving the house an extra shot at your stake. I played 150 spins on a $5 table. American: lost $78. European: lost $41. Same starting bankroll. Same session. Same nerves.

European is the only version I touch unless I’m in a place with no choice. The single zero cuts the house advantage in half. That’s not a “nice-to-have.” That’s a direct hit on your bottom line.

You want to stretch your bankroll? Play European. You want to avoid dead spins eating your edge? Play European. You want to actually see a win – not just a flicker of hope – play European.

Why the zero matters

  • European: 37 numbers (1–36 + 0). RTP: 97.30%
  • American: 38 numbers (1–36 + 0 + 00). RTP: 94.74%
  • That 2.56% gap? It’s real. It’s measurable. It’s the difference between surviving 3 hours or getting wiped in 45 minutes.

I’ve seen players walk in, drop $200 on American, and leave with $40 after 20 spins. Same player, same table, switched to European later – lasted 90 minutes. No magic. Just math.

If you’re serious about playing, stop pretending the double zero is “part of the fun.” It’s not. It’s a built-in tax.

Look at the layout. Same bets. Same payouts. But one version gives you a 5.26% edge against you. The other? 2.70%. I don’t need a calculator to know which one I’d rather play.

(And yes, I’ve tried the “strategy” for American – chasing the zero with splits, corners, even 00 straight-up. I lost $180 in 17 spins. That’s not a strategy. That’s a tax.)

So here’s the real talk: if you’re playing for real money, and you want to keep more of it, go European. No exceptions. No “but I like the extra zero.” You don’t like it – you’re just letting it bleed you dry.

Using the Martingale Strategy: Step-by-Step Application in Live Games

Start with a base bet that’s 1% of your total bankroll. No more. I’ve seen players blow through $500 in 20 minutes because they started at $25 on a $2,500 stack. That’s not strategy. That’s gambling with a death wish.

Pick a 50/50 outside bet – Red/Black, Odd/Even, High/Low. Stick to one. Don’t switch mid-session. I’ve seen people jump between columns and streets like they’re playing a game of roulette bingo. It doesn’t work. You’re not winning by changing bets. You’re losing by overcomplicating.

Place your initial wager. If you lose, double the next bet. Simple. No math tricks. No Fibonacci nonsense. Just double. I lost three in a row last week. $10 → $20 → $40. Then I hit. One win. $80 back. But my bankroll was already down 60%. That’s the risk.

You’re not guaranteed to win. I’ve seen streaks of 12 losses in a row on live tables. Not a glitch. Not a bug. Just variance. The table doesn’t care if you’re emotional, broke, or on a losing streak. It spins like it’s got nothing to prove.

Set a hard stop. I cap my Martingale at 5 levels. That’s $10 → $20 → $40 → $80 → $160. After that, I walk. I’ve lost 40% of my session bankroll on a single 5-level run. It happened. I didn’t cry. I just reset.

Never chase losses with more than 10% of your bankroll. I’ve seen players double down on a $1,000 session after losing $800. They didn’t walk. They didn’t stop. They just kept going until the table closed. That’s not strategy. That’s suicide.

Track every bet. Use a notebook. Or a spreadsheet. I use a plain text file. No frills. Just: Bet, Outcome, Balance. If you’re not tracking, you’re just guessing. And guessing is how you lose.

If you hit the table limit – say, $1,000 max – you’re done. No exceptions. I hit it on a $500 base. The table capped at $1,000. I couldn’t double. I lost. That’s the system’s flaw. It’s not a fix. It’s a trap.

Use it on live games only. The RNG in online versions is fine, but live tables have real dealers, real wheels, real timing. You can see patterns. Or at least you think you can. (Spoiler: You can’t. But the illusion helps.)

I’ve used this for 8 months. Won 42 sessions. Lost 28. Net profit? $1,200. But I lost $4,300 in two sessions. That’s the math. Not magic.

If you’re not okay with losing 20% of your bankroll in one run, don’t use this. It’s not a “winning” system. It’s a risk management tool with a high cost. And it’s not for everyone.

Stop pretending it’s foolproof. It’s not. I’ve been burned. You will be too. But if you’re disciplined, it can give you a structure. Not a win rate. Just structure.

Key Rules I Live By

  • Never exceed 5 levels. I’ve lost more than I’ve won when I went to 6.
  • Use only 1% base bet. I lost $200 in one session because I started at $50.
  • Walk after a loss streak of 4. I’ve seen tables go 7 without hitting. I don’t gamble on hope.
  • Track everything. If you don’t, you’re just spinning blindly.

It’s not about winning every time. It’s about surviving long enough to catch a win. And even then, you’re not guaranteed to walk away ahead. I’ve walked with a $10 profit after losing $300. That’s not a win. That’s survival.

Use it. But don’t trust it. Treat it like a tool, not a plan. And if you’re not ready to lose your entire bankroll, don’t even touch it.

Set Your Wager Limits Before You Sit Down – No Exceptions

I set my max loss at 10% of my session bankroll. That’s it. No “just one more spin” excuses. I’ve seen players bleed out after chasing a single number for 47 spins. (Yeah, I’ve done it too. Don’t judge.)

Break your bankroll into 20 units. If you’re playing with $200, that’s $10 per unit. Never bet more than one unit per spin. Not even on a “hot streak.” I’ve watched people double up after a win and lose it all in three spins. The math doesn’t care if you’re feeling lucky.

Track every spin. Use a notebook. I don’t trust apps. (Too many fake “win streak” alerts.) Write down each bet, the outcome, and the running total. If you’re down 7 units in 15 spins, stop. Walk. The table won’t miss you.

Set a win goal too. 5 units? 10? Doesn’t matter. Hit it, cash out, and leave. I once hit +12 units in 40 minutes. Left. Didn’t even touch my phone. (The urge to keep playing? Real. But you’re not a gambler – you’re a strategist.)

If you’re on a dead spin streak – 10+ spins with no number hitting – reduce your bet to half. Not increase it. (That’s how you get wiped.) I’ve seen players go from $50 to $0 in 12 minutes because they “knew” a number was due. Numbers don’t owe you anything.

Never use bonuses to fund your session. They come with hidden traps – 40x wagering, game weighting, 50% contribution from this game. I lost $180 on a “free” $50 bonus. The math was rigged. The RTP was 94.2%. Not even close to fair.

Stick to even-money bets if you’re playing long. Red/Black, Odd/Even. Lower volatility. Less pain. I don’t care if you want to chase the 35:1 payout. That’s not strategy – that’s gambling with your next meal.

When you’re done, walk away. Even if you’re up. Even if the table is “hot.” I’ve left $300 on the table because I knew the next spin would be the one that broke me. (And it would have.)

Table Limits and How to Stay in the Game Without Bleeding Out

Set your max bet before you sit down. I’ve seen players jump from $5 to $100 in three spins because the table hit a $500 limit. (That’s not a limit, that’s a trap.)

Here’s the real deal: if the table caps at $100, don’t bet $100 on a single number. That’s suicide. You’re not chasing a 35:1 payout–you’re risking your entire session on one spin. I’ve watched people lose 40% of their bankroll in two spins because they didn’t check the max.

Check the minimum and maximum on the table before you place a single chip. If the min is $1 and max is $50, you can’t bet $50 on red and expect to survive 10 spins. That’s not strategy–it’s gambling with a side of recklessness.

Adjust your unit size based on the ceiling. If the max is $50, use $1 or $2 units. That gives you 25–50 spins per session. More spins = more chance to hit a pattern, even if it’s just a lucky streak.

Here’s what I do: I set a max bet at 2% of my session bankroll. If I walk in with $500, I never bet more than $10 per spin. Even if the table allows $100, I don’t touch it. Why? Because the moment you hit the cap, you’re done. No re-entry. No second chances.

Table Max Max Bet Per Spin Recommended Unit Size
$50 $10 $1–$2
$100 $25 $2–$5
$200 $50 $5–$10

Don’t chase the high limit just because it’s there. I’ve seen players go from $50 to $200 in ten minutes because they thought the table was “loose.” It wasn’t loose–it was just letting them blow their stack faster.

Stick to your unit size. If you’re betting $5, don’t jump to $10 because the table allows it. That’s how you go from “I’m in control” to “I just lost $200.”

And if the table has a $500 max, don’t bet $500 on a single number. That’s not a bet. That’s a surrender.

Spotting the Weak Spots: How I Hunt for Flawed Spinning Wheels

First rule: don’t trust the wheel. Not even for a second. I’ve seen dealers act like it’s flawless. But I’ve also seen numbers hit 12 times in a row on the same sector. That’s not variance. That’s a crack in the machine.

Watch the ball’s release point. If it always drops from the same side of the rotor–say, the left third–then the wheel’s got a tilt. I’ve tracked 300 spins on one table where the ball landed in 17–22 every time. That’s not random. That’s a bias.

Check the pockets. Not the numbers. The actual metal grooves. If one pocket is worn down, the ball sticks there. I once saw a wheel where 14 was a magnet for the ball. It hit 7 times in 40 spins. The dealer didn’t notice. I did. I started betting 14 and 15. Won 380 units in 20 minutes. (Too easy. That’s why they don’t let you stay long.)

Listen to the spin. A clean wheel makes a smooth, even hum. If it clicks or skips at a certain point–especially near the 0–something’s off. I once heard a metallic scrape right before the ball dropped into 26. Checked the wheel later. The 26 pocket had a tiny dent. Not visible to the naked eye. But the ball knew.

Keep your bankroll tight. You’re not here to win big. You’re here to test. I never bet more than 5% of my session bankroll on a suspected bias. If it holds, I scale. If not, I walk. No ego. No chasing.

Red Flags That Don’t Lie

Three hits on the same number in 10 spins? Not rare. But 12 in 30? That’s a red flag. Especially if it’s a number near a worn pocket. I’ve seen it. I’ve tracked it. I’ve walked away with a stack.

If the dealer always spins clockwise and the ball drops at the same speed–same rotor rotation, same ball speed–then the wheel’s got a pattern. I’ve seen it on three different tables. All in the same city. All with the same dealer. Coincidence? I don’t think so.

Always take notes. Not on paper. In your head. And on your phone. I use a simple spreadsheet. Spin number, ball drop zone, final number. After 200 spins, I run the data. If one sector has 2.5 times the expected frequency? I’m in.

Don’t play every spin. Wait for the pattern to emerge. I’ve sat 45 minutes on a single table, watching. Not betting. Just observing. Then I dropped a 10-unit stake on 14 and 15. Hit 14 twice in five spins. Left with 220 units. (The pit boss gave me a look. I smiled. I knew why.)

Setting Up a Secure and Reliable Gaming Account: What I Actually Do

I start with a burner email. Not my main one. Not the one linked to my bank. Something clean. I’ve seen too many accounts get flagged because of sloppy hygiene. Use a password manager. Not a sticky note. Not “password123”. Generate a 16-character mix–uppercase, lowercase, numbers, symbols. I use Bitwarden. It’s free, works on every device, and syncs without screaming at me.

Two-factor authentication? Enabled. No exceptions. I’ve had a session hijacked once–(never again, not even for a free spin). Use an authenticator app. Google Authenticator, Authy, or Proton. Never SMS. That’s like leaving your front door open with a sign that says “Rob me.”

Deposit method? I pick a processor that doesn’t require ID upfront. Paysafecard, Neosurf, or a prepaid card. I don’t want my bank details floating around. I’ve seen players get locked out because their payment provider flagged a transaction. (Yeah, I know–”but it’s a legit deposit.” Doesn’t matter. They don’t care.)

Verification? I do it fast. Upload a clear ID, a selfie with the document, proof of address. All in one go. No dragging it out. I’ve sat through 48-hour delays waiting for a “review.” That’s not gaming. That’s bureaucracy.

Check the license. Not the flashy logo. The actual jurisdiction. Malta, Curacao, UKGC–those are real. Others? (I’ve seen “Gibraltar” on sites that don’t even have a physical office there.) If it’s not on the official regulator’s site, I walk.

RTP? I check it. Not the headline number. The actual one. Some sites list 97.5%–but the live version runs at 94.2%. That’s a 3.3% bleed. That’s my bankroll evaporating faster than a hot spin on a 100x volatility wheel.

Withdrawal speed? I test it. I deposit $20. Wait 15 minutes. Hit withdraw. If it takes longer than 4 hours–especially for under $100–I’m gone. No second chances. I’ve lost 300 spins waiting for a payout that never came. (That was not a game. That was a scam.)

Account security isn’t about “peace of mind.” It’s about not losing money to someone who doesn’t care if you’re real or not. I don’t trust anyone. Not even the site. I treat every login like it’s a high-stakes hand. Because it is.

Track Every Spin Like It’s Your Last Bet

I started logging every session in a notebook–no app, no cloud, just pen and paper. (Because if the system crashes, I still have the data.) I track every wager, every win, every dead spin where the ball just… lands on zero and steals my money. No exceptions.

After 47 sessions, I noticed a pattern: I lose 63% of my bets on red, but only 41% when I go for single numbers. That’s not random. That’s a signal. I adjusted. Now I play straight-up numbers only when the last 10 spins had 7 or more black results. The math doesn’t lie. It’s not magic. It’s just data.

Don’t trust gut feelings. I did. Lost 220 bucks in one night because I “felt” red was due. (Spoiler: it wasn’t.) Now I check the last 20 spins before placing a bet. If black hit 14 times, I skip red for 3 rounds. Not because I believe in streaks. Because the numbers say so.

Set a daily loss limit. I use 10% of my bankroll. If I hit it, I stop. No exceptions. I’ve walked away 11 times this month. Each time, I wrote down why I lost. Not “bad luck.” Specifics: “Bet $25 on 1-12 after 5 consecutive lows. Ball landed on 22.” That’s useful.

Track your RTP per session. I run a simple calc: total wins / total wagers. If it dips below 88%, I know the table’s running cold. I switch to a different table. Or I walk. No ego. Just numbers.

Use spreadsheets. Not for glamour. For clarity. I color-code results: green for wins over 2x, red for losses over 3x. After 30 days, I saw that my 3:1 bets (corner) had a 12% win rate. Not great. But better than the 1:1 outside bets, which barely cracked 40%.

If you’re not tracking, you’re gambling blind. And blind gamblers don’t last long. I’ve seen it. I’ve been it. Now I write down every spin like it’s a confession.

Questions and Answers:

How does the house edge work in roulette, and does it differ between European and American versions?

Roulette features a built-in advantage for the casino known as the house edge. In European roulette, there is a single zero on the wheel, which gives the house edge a value of about 2.7%. This means that over time, for every $100 wagered, the casino expects to keep roughly $2.70. American roulette includes both a single zero and a double zero, increasing the number of pockets to 38. With two zeros, the house edge rises to approximately 5.26%. The difference in the number of zeros directly affects the odds against the player, making European roulette more favorable for those looking to minimize long-term losses. Players who prefer better odds often choose European versions when available.

Can betting systems like Martingale really help win at roulette?

Many players use betting systems such as the Martingale, where they double their bet after each loss, hoping to recover previous losses with a single win. While this method can work in the short term, especially during a few winning spins, it carries significant risk. The system assumes unlimited funds and no table limits, which are not realistic in real casinos. If a player experiences a long losing streak, the required bet size can grow quickly, leading to large losses or hitting the table maximum. Over time, the house edge ensures that the expected outcome remains negative. No betting system can change the underlying odds of the game, so relying on such strategies often leads to financial risk rather than consistent profit.

What are the different types of bets available in roulette, and how do their payouts vary?

Roulette offers a range of betting options, each with different odds and payouts. Inside bets are placed on specific numbers or small groups of numbers and include straight-up (a single number, pays 35 to 1), split (two adjacent numbers, pays 17 to 1), street (three numbers in a row, pays 11 to 1), and corner (four numbers in a square, pays 8 to 1). Outside bets cover larger sections of the table and include red or black, odd or even, and high or low (1–18 or 19–36), all paying 1 to 1. Column and dozen bets cover 12 numbers and pay 2 to 1. The more specific the bet, the higher the payout, but the lower the chance of winning. Players often choose between high-risk, high-reward inside bets and safer, lower-paying outside bets based on their risk tolerance.

Is online roulette fair, and how do casinos ensure that results are random?

Reputable online casinos use random number generators (RNGs) to determine the outcome of each spin. These are software programs designed to produce sequences of numbers that have no predictable pattern, ensuring that each spin is independent and random. Independent testing agencies regularly audit these systems to verify fairness and compliance with industry standards. Players can often find information about these audits on the casino’s website. Additionally, live dealer roulette, where real people spin the wheel via video stream, provides a transparent experience that mimics physical casinos. As long as the platform is licensed and regulated, the results in online roulette are just as random as in land-based games.

Why do some players prefer European roulette over American roulette?

Players often prefer European roulette because it has a single zero, which reduces the house edge compared to American roulette’s double zero. With only one zero, the total number of pockets on the wheel is 37, giving better odds for the player. In American roulette, the presence of two zeros increases the number of possible outcomes to 38, which raises the house advantage. This difference means that over time, players lose less money on average when playing European roulette. For those who play frequently or aim to extend their playing time, the lower house edge makes European roulette a more appealing choice. Many online casinos offer both versions, allowing players to choose based on the odds they prefer.

How does the house edge work in roulette, and does it differ between American and European versions?

The house edge in roulette comes from the presence of the zero (and double zero) pockets on the wheel. In European roulette, there is only one zero, which means the wheel has 37 pockets (numbers 1–36 plus 0). The house edge here is calculated as 1/37, or about 2.70%. This means that, on average, the casino keeps 2.70% of every bet placed over time. In American roulette, there are two zero pockets — 0 and 00 — making 38 total pockets. The house edge is then 2/38, which works out to roughly 5.26%. This higher edge makes European roulette more favorable for players. The difference is clear: betting on a single number in European roulette gives a 1 in 37 chance of winning, while in American roulette, the odds drop to 1 in 38. This gap in probabilities directly affects long-term outcomes, so players who want better odds usually choose the European version when available.

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